Gattermann - Laboratory Methods of Organic Chemistry, Chemia Organiczna Literatura ANG
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LABORATORY METHODS
OF
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BY
L. GATTERMANN
COMPLETELY REVISED BY
HEINRICH WIELAND
TRANSLATED FROM
THE TWENTY-FOURTH GERMAN EDITION
BY W. MCCARTNEY, PH.D.(EDIN.), A.I.C.
LATE ASSISTANT IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH
WITH 59 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
NEW YORK
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1937
COPYRIGHT
PRINTFD IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY B.
&
R. CLARK, LIMITED, EDINBUMGH
PEEFACE TO THE TWENTY-FOUBTH EDITION
WHILE
the student is being educated in preparative work it is
necessary for him to acquire some knowledge of the incessant pro-
gress in the methods of organic chemistry and at the same time to
become familiar with the most recent results of research work. For
these reasons a series of changes had to be made when this new
edition was prepared. In order not to increase the bulk of the book
these objects have been attained by sacrificing examples
{e.g.
lino-
lenic acid, crystal violet, Gattermann-Koch aldehyde synthesis)
with which, from this point of view, it seemed possible to dispense.
Of the newly included methods two may be mentioned here :
analysis by
chromatographic adsorption
which has attained such
great importance, and the
ozonisation
of unsaturated compounds by
the recently well-developed procedure.
The section on analytical methods has been completely re-
written because the development of organic chemistry has caused
the macro-methods practised in the classic period, methods which
required considerable amount of material, to come to be regarded as
survivals. The candidate for the Doctor degree, we know, no longer
has to acquire the art of carrying out combustions since he is rightly
unwilling, in practising this art, to sacrifice relatively enormous
amounts of pure substance, often laboriously obtained. On various
grounds I doubt the advisability of including micro-analysis in
general practical courses.
During a period of two years we have obtained such good results
in this laboratory with a procedure worked out, on the basis of
Pregl's method, by Dr. F. Holscher that I have included it in this
book. For this procedure 20-30 mg. of substance are required.
The position has been reached where the candidate for the Doctor
vi LABOEATORY METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
degree who reaps from his investigation a harvest not altogether
too scanty and too precious, again carries out himself the com-
bustion of his substances.
It will be understood that, in working out this " meso-analytical "
method now recommended we have made use, not only of the funda-
mental principles of Pregl, but also of all practical and tested
improvements of other authors. (I propose the term " meso-
analytical " instead of the clumsy " half-micro ".)
A reprint of the English edition of the book has appeared, and
I have by chance learned that it has been translated into Russian
and already published in two very large editions in Soviet Russia.
An Italian translation is in course of preparation.
I again have to thank several colleagues for valuable suggestions.
In particular I have to thank Prof. F. G. Fischer, Freiburg, and
Dr. Elisabeth Dane, as well as my teaching assistant Dr. G. Hesse,
for their active collaboration in the revision of the book. The
proofs have been corrected by T. Wieland.
HEINRICH WIELAND
MUNICH,
June
1935
PREFACE TO THE KEVISED (NINETEENTH)
EDITION
IT is rather more than thirty years ago since Ludwig Gattermann
published the first edition of his
Anleitung fur das organisch-chemische
Praktikum.
The plan of providing the preparative directions with
theoretical explanations has certainly proved satisfactory. That
is already shown by the wide circulation of the book, of which
eighteen editions have appeared. Methodology and technique are
undoubtedly the chief objects of the practical course, but aiming
merely at culinary art and technical achievement such a course
does not accomplish enough. A command of methods implies above
all an understanding of their rationale and a power of adapting
their numerous modifications to particular requirements; the
architect is more important than the mason. We demand that
the student should be conversant with the theory of the transfor-
mations which he carries out practically. The comments made
on the individual preparations are intended to facilitate a survey
of the subject in hand, and to encourage the use of text-books
and journals by further reading. Now that a knowledge of the
principles of organic chemistry may be assumed during the pre-
parative work in German universities, the danger of such com-
ments becoming a
pons asinorum
is remote.
In rewriting the book the theoretical and practical requirements
have been deliberately increased. The equipment which sufficed
during the last three decades has now become insufficient for those
who desire to work at present-day problems, where difficulties
have been accentuated alike in pure science and in technology.
The idea of making the preparative work at once an explanation
and a living experience of the science has demanded a rearrange-
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